Fig. 1

Comparisons of the percentage of honey bee workers that performed the premature hive exiting behavior across treatment groups (blue bars) and their respective control groups (orange bars). Differences between each treatment and control group were evaluated using a chi-squared test. A significantly higher percentage of bees prematurely exited the hive in the cold stress treatment group (p = 0.004), the heat stress treatment group (p < 0.0001), and the Varroa mite parasitization group (p < 0.0001), compared to their control counterparts. Asterisks above the brackets indicate significant pair-wise differences between the treatment and control groups (“**” for p < 0.01) and (“***” for p < 0.001). Sample sizes were as follows: cold stress group: 639; cold control group: 522; heat stress group: 617; heat control group: 580; mite stress group: 738; no mite group: 749